Effects of non-nutritive sucking habits on malocclusions: a systematic review.

The development of the craniomandibular system is guided by genetic interactions and environmental factors, including specific habits such as breastfeeding, bottle feeding, thumb sucking and the use of pacifiers. These habits can have a considerable impact on the growth of the developing jaws and can lead to malocclusion in children. This review aims to investigate potential associations between non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSHs) and malocclusions compared to the presence of nutritive sucking habits (NSHs). To carry out this systematic review, we followed the PRISMA protocol and performed a bibliographic search of the existing literature until April 2023 in the following electronic databases: Medline, PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Embase. Out of a total of 153 records, we included 21 studies. We found that the chances of diagnosing a malocclusion were higher for children with bottle nutrition when compared to breast-fed children. Breastfeeding provides protection against malocclusions. In the same manner, persistent NNSH habits appeared to be associated with increased chances of having malocclusions. The longer the child was breastfed, the shorter the duration of the pacifier habit and the lower the risk of developing moderate/severe malocclusions. The duration of the habits has a positive influence on the appearance of occlusion defects.

Influence of bad oral habits upon the development of posterior crossbite in a preschool population.

BACKGROUND: A study is made of posterior crossbite in deciduous dentition and its possible association to extrinsic factors (bad oral habits). METHODS: A total of 1168 Spanish children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study. Exploration of the oral cavity was performed to assess the presence of crossbite (uni- or bilateral and/or functional), and a questionnaire was administered to the parents or caregivers to determine the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. RESULTS: In occlusion, 19.7% of the cases (n = 230) presented uni- or bilateral posterior crossbite. On adopting centric relation confronting the midlines, crossbite persisted in 165 children, indicating that 65 cases were due to premature contacts (functional crossbite). The identified favoring factors were pacifier use, thumb sucking, oral breathing and tongue thrusting or immature swallowing. DISCUSSION: Most studies in the literature report a relationship between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. The proportion of posterior crossbites identified in our study (16.6%) is consistent with the data published by authors such as Kobayashi, Limeira or Paolantonio, among others, but differs from the results of Zhifei Zhou, Peres or Germa. In coincidence with most studies, we recorded a statistically significant association between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. CONCLUSIONS: Bad oral habits favor the appearance of posterior crossbite, and the duration of the habit, its intensity (in the case of thumb sucking) and type (in the case of pacifier use) act as influencing factors. Functional study characterized the types of posterior crossbites and identified those attributable to premature contacts. This aspect has not been addressed by previous studies, and we consider the findings to be very interesting for analyzing and identifying the features of true crossbites.

Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3-6 years.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of occlusal traits, oral habits, and nose and throat conditions by age and to assess the association between malocclusion and its environmental factors in Japanese preschool children. METHODS: A total of 503 Japanese children (258 boys and 245 girls aged 3-6 years) were recruited. Occlusal traits were assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Lip seal was recorded by an examiner, and oral habits (finger sucking, lip sucking or lip biting, nail biting, chin resting on a hand) and nose and throat conditions (tendency for nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis, palatine tonsil hypertrophy) were assessed by a questionnaire completed by the parents. The prevalence of each item was calculated, and binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to malocclusion. RESULTS: 62.0% of preschool children in the present study exhibited malocclusion, and 27.8% exhibited incompetent lip seal. Nail biting was the most frequent oral habit with a prevalence of 18.9%. Nasal obstruction was recorded in 30.4% of children. The results of binary logistic regression showed that incompetent lip seal was significantly related to malocclusion, and that nail biting was significantly negatively related. CONCLUSIONS: Incompetent lip seal is significantly associated with malocclusion, but nail biting may not necessarily be a deleterious habit for the occlusion in Japanese preschool children.

Relationship of early weaning and non-nutritive sucking habits with facial development.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of malocclusion features, convex facial profile and non-nutritive sucking habits among children with and without early weaning. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, from June to December 2020, and comprised of either gender aged 3-6 years. The subjects were clinically examined, and details of lactation period, bottle feeding, thumb and pacifiers sucking were gathered from the parents to assess association with malocclusion. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 180 subjects, 100(55.5%) were boys and 80(45.5%) were girls. There was significant association of early weaning with non-nutritive sucking habits, absent primate spaces, deviated midlines, and complete overbite (p<0.05). Breastfeeding <2 years was significantly associated with anterior crossbite (p<0.05). Early weaning had no association with convex facial profile, distoclusion, anterior and posterior crossbite and increased overjet (p>0.05). Non-nutritive sucking habits had significant relationship with deviated dental midlines (p>0.05). Conclusion: Early weaning was found to be a factor in establishing non-nutritive sucking habits, and was strongly associated with crowding, disturbed vertical overlapping of incisors and developing decreased facial height. Breastfeeding for less than the recommended duration had a tendency to lead to anterior cross-bite.

Deleterious oral habits related to vertical, transverse and sagittal dental malocclusion in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is highly reported among mixed dentition cases. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship of dental malocclusions in the vertical, transverse, sagittal planes with deleterious habits in pediatric patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out on 155 children aged 6-12 years attended at the clinic of the School of Dentistry of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in 2017. RESULTS: Among 155 evaluated patients, 45.3% had vertical malocclusion, 52.0% had sagittal malocclusion and 13.6% had transverse malocclusion. The most frequent type of malocclusion in the vertical plane was anterior deep bite (22.2%), in the transverse plane, the edge-to-edge bite (7.1%) and the anterior crossbite (6.5%) were less frequent. Finally, in the sagittal plane, Class II Div 1 (20%) and Class III (20.7%) were the most frequent. Among the most common deleterious habits, anteroposition (58.7%) and mixed breathing (51.0%) were observed in contrast to the habit of retroposition, lip sucking and mouth breathing, which were the least frequent. Considering age and sex, children who have an atypical swallowing habit are more likely to have malocclusion in all three planes of space. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there is an association between the deleterious habits with the different types of malocclusions in the different planes of the space, being the atypical swallowing a habit that should be early diagnosed and treated interdisciplinary.

Association of deleterious sucking habits with the occurrence of otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to determine whether deleterious sucking habits contribute to otitis in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children. INTRODUCTION: Otitis is one of the most prevalent diseases in infants. Diverse studies have suggested that deleterious sucking habits, such as pacifier use, bottle-feeding, and finger-sucking, may be risk factors for the development of otitis in young individuals. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This systematic review will include observational studies in which the association between deleterious sucking habits and otitis was assessed in newborns, infants, preschool children, and children. Studies will compare caregiver reporting of sucking habits in this population to those with no deleterious sucking habits or those who exclusively breastfeed. The primary outcome will be the presence of otitis. METHODS: The searches will be carried out in six electronic databases, and gray literature will also be screened. A three-step search strategy will be used, with no date or language restrictions. Studies whose full text meets the eligibility criteria will be included in the systematic review. Study screening and selection, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach will be used to assess the certainty of the evidence. Meta-analysis will be performed if there is relative homogeneity among included studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020197162.

Non-nutritive sucking habits in a child: A clinical protocol to their prevention and management.

Patients presenting with anterior open bites can be challenging to manage. This paper discusses the clinical features and aetiology of anterior open bites caused by non-nutritive sucking habits in a young child. It explores how these should be recognised and how certain interventions can be effective in their management. Whilst further high quality research is needed into the different methods and their effectiveness, the aim of the article is to provide a practical guide for general dental practitioners, orthodontists and paediatric dentists, who are involved in monitoring the developing dentitions of these patients.

Thumb sucking or nail biting in childhood and adolescence is associated with an increased risk of Crohn's disease: results from a large case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a reduction in microbial exposure contributes to an impaired immune response later in life and increases the incidence of immune-mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thumb sucking and nail biting are two early habits that modulate the oral microbiota composition and antigen load. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized a lower risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults with prior thumb sucking and nail biting. METHODS: 918 IBD cases and their 918 siblings without IBD were asked to fill out a survey containing 32 questions on environmental factors in childhood and early adulthood. Prevalence of thumb sucking and/or nail biting at the usually well-remembered time of (1) school enrollment and (2) coming-of-age ceremonies was the predefined combined risk factor of this study. RESULTS: 65% of the patients were female and 57% suffered from CD. About 49% of IBD patients but only 44% of their siblings reported thumb sucking/nail biting at the time of school enrollment or coming-of-age (p = .007). Sensitivity analysis revealed that this difference was observed in patients with CD (50% versus 41%; RR= 1.22; 95% CI 1.09-1.37, p = .001) but not in patients with UC (49% versus 48%; RR= 1.02; 95% CI 0.90-1.17; p = .83). CONCLUSION: Contrary to our expectation and challenging the hygiene hypothesis, we found that common oral habits are not protective against IBD. Instead, nail biting at the time of school enrollment and coming-of-age was a statistically significant risk factor for CD in our cohort. Key summary Evidence available before this study: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a reduction in microbial exposure due to improved health activities has contributed to an immunological imbalance in the intestine and an increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases. A population-based birth cohort study has demonstrated that thumb-sucking and nail biting in children lead to a reduction of the risk of atopic sensitization, asthma, and hay fever. Added value of this study: Contrary to the hypothesis, thumb sucking and nail biting were not associated with a reduced risk of IBD. Instead, thumb sucking and/or nail biting at the usually well-remembered points in time of school enrollment and of religious or secular coming-of-age ceremonies was associated with a higher risk of Crohn's disease but not of ulcerative colitis. Our data did not support the hygiene hypothesis, one pathogenic concept in the context of IBD.

Maloclusiones dentarias y su relación con los hábitos bucales lesivos / Dental malocclusion and its relationship to harmful oral habits

RESUMEN Introducción: La ruptura del equilibrio de las fuerzas extrabucales e intrabucales debido a una función anómala, desencadena maloclusión. Estas funciones musculares anómalas se conocen como hábitos bucales lesivos. Objetivo: Actualizar conocimientos y analizar los factores relacionados con las maloclusiones dentarias como los hábitos bucales lesivos en niños, en función de la frecuencia y duración de la succión nutritiva y no nutritiva, respiración por la boca y el empuje lingual atípico. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en cuatro bases de datos digitales Pubmed, Lilacs, Ibecs y Cumed correspondiente a los últimos 5 años. Se usó tesauro para el idioma inglés malocclusion, habits, finger sucking, pacifiers, bottle feeding, tongue habit, mouth breathing y en español maloclusión, hábitos, succión del dedo, chupete, biberones, hábitos linguales, respiración por la boca. La búsqueda reveló 65 artículos, de estos solo 19 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Análisis e integración de la información: El 89,5 por ciento de los artículos pertenecen a estudios de hábitos de succión no nutritivos solo o en conjunto con otros hábitos; y el 10,5 por ciento realizan investigaciones en niños respiradores bucales. Teniendo en cuenta la duración y frecuencia de los hábitos solo el 26,31 por ciento de las pesquisas seleccionadas tomaron en cuenta estas variables. En hábitos de succión nutritivos presentaron resalte horizontal aumentado, mordida cruzada posterior y escalón distal. Existe una asociación entre períodos cortos de amamantamiento y prevalencia de hábitos de succión no nutritivos; presentan además de maloclusiones anteriormente citadas, mordida abierta anterior. En respiración por la boca citaron clase II, mandíbula corta y retruida y disminución del tercio inferior de la cara. Conclusiones: Numerosas investigaciones se han realizado para asociar la duración de los hábitos de succión nutritivos y no nutritivos con maloclusiones, sin considerar la frecuencia de estos, además existe una reducida información científica en las bases electrónicas exploradas en lo que refiere a estudios de respiración por la boca y empuje lingual atípico en los niños(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Malocclusion is triggered by rupture of the balance between extraoral and intraoral forces as a result of an anomalous function. Such anomalous muscular functions are known as harmful oral habits. Objective: Update knowledge and analyze factors related to dental malocclusions, such as harmful oral habits in children, in terms of the frequency and duration of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking, mouth breathing and atypical tongue thrust. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted of papers published in the last five years in the digital databases Pubmed, Lilacs, Ibecs and Cumed. The search terms used were malocclusion, habits, finger sucking, pacifiers, bottle feeding, tongue habit and mouth breathing in English, and maloclusión, hábitos, succión del dedo, chupete, biberones, hábitos linguales and respiración por la boca in Spanish. 65 papers were obtained, of which only 39 met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis and integration: 89.5 percent of the papers corresponded to studies about non-nutritive sucking habits alone or in combination with other habits, whereas 10.5 percent dealt with studies about mouth breathing children. Only 26.31 percent of the studies selected took into account the variables duration and frequency of the habits. Nutritive sucking habits were found to be associated with overjet, posterior crossbite and distal step. A relationship was also found between a short breastfeeding period and the prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits, with the presence of anterior open bite alongside the aforementioned malocclusions. Mouth breathing was related to class II, small retrognathic jaw and a decreased lower third of the face. Conclusions: Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between malocclusions and the duration of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits, without considering the frequency of such habits. On the other hand, the electronic databases consulted contain few studies about mouth breathing and atypical tongue thrust in children(AU)

Hábitos bucales deformantes y su relación etiológica con las maloclusiones / Deforming buccal habits and their etiological relationship with malocclusions

La práctica de hábitos bucales deformantes ha sido motivo para que diferentes investigadores lleven a cabo estudios, centrando su examen, en los requerimientos de enseñanza que se tiene en el tema, ya que ello es el inicio de la continua realización de la actividad y la instalación de maloclusiones. Ha sido planteado en muchas oportunidades el efecto deletéreo de los hábitos deformantes como la succión del dedo, la respiración bucal, el empuje lingual y la necesidad de eliminarlos desde edades tempranas, no obstante, para ello es indispensable la cooperación de pacientes y familiares. Existe una estrecha relación entre prevalencia de maloclusiones y algún tipo de hábito, y que mientras la duración e intensidad del hábito aumenta, también lo hace la probabilidad de desarrollar maloclusiones severas(AU)

The practice of deforming oral habits has been reason for different researchers to carry out studies, focusing their examination, on the teaching requirements of the subject, since this is the beginning of the continuous realization of the activity and the installation of malocclusions.The deleterious effect of deforming habits such as finger sucking, mouth breathing, tongue thrust and the need to eliminate them from an early age has been raised on many occasions, however, for this the cooperation of patients and relatives is indispensable. There is a close relationship between the prevalence of malocclusions and some type of habit, and that while the duration and intensity of habit increases, so does the probability of developing severe malocclusions(EU)

Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis of the finger nail in a neonate: a rare case.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is extremely rare in neonates, infrequently reported in children and is considered to be exclusively a disease of adults. CASE PRESENTATION: We, herein report a case of fingernail onychomycosis in a 28-day-old, healthy, male neonate. The child presented with a history of yellowish discoloration of the fingernail of the left hand for one week. The etiological agent was demonstrated both by microscopic examination and culture of nail clippings. The isolate grown on culture was identified as Candida albicans by phenotypic characteristics and by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antifungal sensitivity testing was performed by broth dilution method as per the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. An oral swab culture of the child also yielded C. albicans with the same antibiogram as the nail isolate. The case was diagnosed as distal and lateral subungual candida onychomycosis of severity index score 22 (severe) and was treated with syrup fluconazole 6 mg/kg body weight/week and 5% amorolfine nail lacquer once/week for three months. After three months of therapy, the patient completely recovered with the development of a healthy nail plate. CONCLUSIONS: The case is presented due to its rarity in neonates which, we suppose is the first case report of onychomycosis from Nepal in a 28-day-old neonate. Oral colonization with pathogenic yeasts and finger suckling could be risk factors for neonatal onychomycosis.

Knowledge and attitude of pediatricians toward digit sucking habit in children.

BACKGROUND: Finger sucking and prolonged dummy sucking are the most prevalent oral habits among infants, toddlers, and children. Pediatricians are more likely to see infants and children much earlier than dentists. Thus, it is essential for these specialists to be aware of the harmful nature of digit sucking habit and its associated complications. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was designed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude among pediatricians about digit sucking habit in children. METHODOLOGY: The survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire which was delivered to the study subjects by hand or by mail. The returned questionnaires from the pediatricians were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage). RESULTS: This study showed that many respondents were unaware that oral habits could be responsible for malocclusion. A high percentage of respondents preferred not to examine oral features in digit sucking child. Among the etiological factor that may contribute to digit sucking habit in a child, most of the respondents expressed that habitual, psychological and inadequate parental care are possible causes. Most of the participants answered that parental and child counseling is essential to stop the habit. Most of the respondents did not refer the digit sucking child to the dentist for the better management of associated malocclusion. CONCLUSION: Knowledge and attitude among pediatricians about digit sucking habit in children were found to be unsatisfactory. Continuing dental education programs and symposiums can be conducted for pediatricians to enhance their knowledge about pernicious oral habits.

Malocclusion traits and sucking habits in preschool children: a cross-sectional study

Objective: The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion traits altogether and separate in anterior open bite, accentuated overjet and posterior cross-bite, and the possible association between them and sucking habits and breastfeeding. Methods : A preschool-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 472 children aged 24-60 months and their parents (response rate 86.6%). Three trained dentists (Kappa > 0.70) examine children for anterior open bite, accentuated overjet and posterior cross-bite and parents answered a questionnaire indicating the presence of breastfeeding, bottle usage, pacifier usage, finger sucking and the length of usage of all these habits. Results : The prevalence of malocclusion traits was 38.8%, Accentuated overjet was the most prevalent (30.3%) followed by posterior cross-bite (8.9%) and anterior open bite (7.4%). The unadjusted Poisson regression showed that children who were not breastfed had 63.0% more prevalent malocclusion traits when compared with those who were breastfed (RP 1.63, 95%CI 1.06-2.50). Length of pacifier usage in months was the only habit remained in the adjusted model associated with anterior open bite (RP 1.10, 95%CI 1.05-1.14, p < 0.000) and accentuated overjet (RP 1.03, 95%CI 1.01- .05, p = 0.004). For posterior cross-bite none habit showed association in the adjusted model. All models were adjusted for age and sex. Conclusion : Accentuated overjet is the most prevalent malocclusion trait. Length of pacifier usage is associated with the presence of malocclusion traits, anterior open bite and accentuated overjet. None of the investigated habits is associated with posterior cross-bite.

Objetivo: O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de maloclusões avaliadas em conjunto e separadamente em mordida aberta anterior, sobressaliência acentuada e mordida cruzada posterior, e a possível associação entre elas e os hábitos de sucção e amamentação. Métodos : Estudo transversal foi realizado com 472 pré- escolares de 24 a 60 meses e seus pais (taxa de resposta de 86,6%). Três dentistas treinados (Kappa > 0,70) examinaram as crianças para mordida aberta anterior, sobressaliência acentuada e mordida cruzada posterior e os pais responderam a um questionário indicando a presença de amamentação, uso de mamadeira, uso de chupeta, sucção de dedo e tempo de hábito. Resultados : A prevalência de maloclusões foi de 38,8%. A sobressaliência acentuada foi o mais prevalente (30,3%), seguido da mordida cruzada posterior (8,9%) e da mordida aberta anterior (7,4%). A regressão de Poisson não ajustada mostrou que as crianças que não foram amamentadas apresentaram 63,0% maior prevalência de maloclusão quando comparadas com aquelas que foram amamentadas (RP 1,63, IC95% 1,06-2,50). A duração do uso de chupeta em meses foi o único hábito que permaneceu no modelo ajustado associado à mordida aberta anterior (RP 1,10, IC 95% 1,05-1,14, p < 0,000) e sobressaliência acentuada (RP 1,03, IC 95% 1,01- 1,05, p = 0,004). Para mordida cruzada posterior nenhum hábito mostrou associação no modelo ajustado. Todos os modelos foram ajustados por idade e sexo. Conclusão : A sobressaliência acentuada é a maloclusão mais prevalente. O tempo do uso de chupeta está associado à presença de maloclusão, mordida aberta anterior e sobressaliência acentuada. Nenhum dos hábitos investigados está associado à mordida cruzada posterior.

Influence of head and linear growth on the development of malocclusion at six years of age: a cohort study.

The aim of this article was to evaluate the influence of biological and sociobehavioral factors on the development of malocclusions in children. This is a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 350 children who participated in a community intervention study. After six years, an active search identified 290 children with occlusal abnormalities. Socioeconomic status, linear growth, and nutritional status of the child at birth and at the time of measurement, as well as dietary and sucking habits, were investigated. Malocclusions were evaluated across three spatial planes - anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse. The prevalence of these anomalies was 64.5%, primarily in the anteroposterior plane. The logistic regression analysis revealed that pacifier use for 60 months or more, stunting as measured at age six, and reduced gain in head circumference from birth to six years of age, were significantly associated with the development of malocclusion in childhood. Head circumference and linear growth are associated with occlusal anomalies in infants, independent of pacifier sucking.

Pacifiers, Thumb Sucking, Breastfeeding, and Bottle Use: Oral Sucking Habits of Children with and without Phonological Impairment.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe the nutritive and non-nutritive oral sucking habits (breastfeeding, bottle use, pacifier/dummy/soother use, thumb/finger sucking) of preschoolers with and without phonological impairment, and to determine whether oral sucking habits are associated with the presence and severity of phonological impairment. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 199 Australian English-speaking preschoolers with and without phonological impairment. Preschoolers' speech was directly assessed, and parents/caregivers completed a questionnaire. Chi-square (χ2) tests were used to examine relationships between oral sucking habits and the presence and severity of phonological impairment. RESULTS: Based on caregiver reports, 79.9% of participants had been breastfed (33.3% for >12 months), 58.3% had used a pacifier (74.2% for ≥12 months), 83.9% had used a bottle (73.4% for > 12 months), and 15.1% sucked their thumb/fingers. There was no association between a history of oral sucking and the presence and severity of phonological impairment. CONCLUSION: The majority of preschoolers had been breastfed and bottle-fed, and more than half had used a pacifier. The findings support an understanding that phonological impairment is not associated with a history of nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits. Research is needed to examine the association between oral sucking habits and other types of speech sound disorders.

La relació de la micrognàtia transversal amb alguns factors de risc en infants mexicans / Micrognatismo transversal y su relación con algunos factores de riesgo en niños mexicanos / Risk factors of transversal micrognathiain mexican children

Fonament: La micrognàtia transversal (MT) és una alteració del creixement ossi i de la relació dental que impedeix el funcionament adequat de l'aparell masticatori. Objectiu: Avaluar si hi ha associació entre la freqüència d'MT amb la lactància materna de menys de sis mesos, la presència d'hàbits de succió digital, la respiració bucal i l'absència d'espais fisiològics. Mètode: Es va dur a terme un estudi transversal examinant 273 infants mexicans de cinc anys, de tots dos sexes. Abans de l'enquesta es va estandarditzar un cirurgià dentista (k=0,998). Per al tractament estadístic es van calcular freqüències i percentatges, i la prova de khi quadrat corregida de Yates. Resultats: La condició clínica més freqüent va ser l'absència d'espais fisiològics (62,3%); així mateix, l'MT va tenir una distribució variable per sexe, prò no significativa. Es va observar associació entre l'MT amb l'absència d'espais fisiològics, l'hàbit de respiració bucal, la lactància i la mossegada profunda (X 2 Y =10,311, p =0,0001; X 2 Y =7,290, p=0,0001; X 2 Y =21,374, p =0,0001; X2 Y =8,127, p =0,044, respectivament), però no amb la succió digital. Conclusions: Els resultats d'aquest estudi posen de manifest el paper rellevant del pediatre per recomanar a les mares que alletin els seus fills durant un període no menor a sis mesos, així com la responsabilitat d'identificar i eradicar les causes que provoquen que l'infant respiri per la boca, a més de fer la derivació a l'odontopediatre en el cas que ho consideri necessari, perquè elimini aquest hàbit, com a mesura de prevenció per al desenvolupament de maloclusions dentals

Fundamento: El micrognatismo transversal (MT) es una alteración del crecimiento óseo y de la relación dentaria que impiden el funcionamiento adecuado del aparato masticatorio. Objetivo: Evaluar si existe asociación entre la frecuencia de MT con la lactancia materna menor a seis meses, la presencia de hábitos de succión digital, la respiración bucal y la ausencia de espacios fisiológicos. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal examinando a 273 niños mexicanos de cinco años, de ambos sexos. Previamente a la encuesta, se estandarizó a un cirujano dentista ( k =0,998). Para el tratamiento estadístico fueron calculados frecuencias y porcentajes, y la prueba de ji cuadrado corregida de Yates. Resultados: La condición clínica más frecuente fue la ausencia de espacios fisiológicos (62,3%); asimismo, el MT tuvo una distribución variable por sexo, pero no significativa. Se observó asociación entre el MT con la ausencia de espacios fisiológicos, el hábito de respiración bucal, la lactancia y la mordida profunda (X 2Y=10,311, p=0,0001; X2Y=7,290, p=0,0001; X2Y=21,374, p=0,0001; X2Y=8,127, p=0,044, respectivamente), pero no con la succión digital. Conclusiones: Los resultados del resente estudio ponen de manifiesto el papel relevante del pediatra para recomendar a las adres que amamanten a sus hijos durante un periodo no menor a seis meses, así omo la responsabilidad de identificar y erradicar las causas que provocan que el niño espire por la boca, además de su derivación al odontopediatra en el caso de que lo onsidere necesario, para que elimine este hábito como medida de preven-ción para el esarrollo de maloclusiones dentales

Background: Transversal micrognathia (TM) is an alteration of bone growth and the dental distribution that affects the adequate function of masticatory apparatus. Objective: To evaluate the association between the frequency of transversal micrognathia and breastfeeding less than six months, the presence of thumb sucking habits, oral breathing, and the absence of physiological spaces. Method: We conducted a transversal study including 273 five- years-old Mexican children of both sexes. Prior to the survey, we standardized the evaluation by a dental surgeon ( k=0.998). We calculated frequencies and percentages, and applied the chi-squa-red test with Yates correction. Results: The most frequent clinical condition found was the absence of physiological spaces (62.3%). TM had a variable but not significant sex distribution. We observed an association between TM and the absence of physiological spaces, oral breathing, breastfeeding, and deep biting (X2Y=10,311, p=0,0001; X2Y=7,290, p=0,0001; 2Y=21,374, p=0,0001; X2Y=8,127, p=0,044, respec-tively), but not with thumb sucking. Conclusions: Our results highlight the relevant role of the pediatrician in advising others that breastfeed their children for periods shorter than six months, as well as the esponsibility to identify and eradicate the factors that cause oral breathing and rompt evaluation by a pediatric dentist when required to prevent the de-velopment of dental malocclusion

Correlation between functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders in children aged 7-10 years.

BACKGROUND: Masticatory system and speech sound disorders concur, have the same causes and similar consequences - both increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases. OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to establish the correlation between functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred patients aged 7-10 years were examined to detect functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. Functional disorders were assessed in patients with and without speech sound disorders. RESULTS: According to the study results, functional disorders of the masticatory system concur more often with speech sound disorders than with correct articulation and lead to speech sound disorders. There is a strong correlation between: - any dysfunction and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, - mouth breathing and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, - persistent tongue thrust and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t͡ ʂ/, /d͡ ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds, and - parafunctional sucking and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t͡ s/, /d͡ z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t͡ ʂ/, /d͡ ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ ɕ/, and /d͡ ʑ/ sounds. CONCLUSIONS: To implement effective and early prevention and treatment, it is crucial to know the correlation between the masticatory system and speech sound disorders, as it reduces treatment duration and minimizes relapses of not only communication disorders, but also of concurrent masticatory system disorders.

General anxiety, dental anxiety, digit sucking, caries and oral hygiene status of children resident in a semi-urban population in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Digit sucking can represent untreated anxiety or other emotional problems. The aim of this study was to determine if digit sucking is a predictor of general anxiety and dental anxiety; and if general and dental anxiety are associated with caries and oral hygiene status of children resident in sub-urban Nigeria. METHODS: This was a secondary data analysis of a household survey conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The level of general anxiety and dental anxiety of 450 6 to12 year old children were measured using the Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale and Dental Subscale of the Child Fear Survey Schedule respectively. Presence of digit sucking habit, caries and oral hygiene status were determined. General anxiety and dental anxiety scores were dichotomized into low and high levels respectively. Logistic regression was conducted to determine if digit sucking was a predictor of general anxiety and dental anxiety; and if general anxiety and dental anxiety were predictors caries and good oral hygiene status. Adjustments were made for age and sex. RESULTS: Digit sucking is not a significant predictor of dental anxiety (p = 0.99) and general anxiety (p = 0.79). Children with high general anxiety (AOR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.9-9.74; p <  0.001) and high dental anxiety (AOR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15-2.65; p = 0.009) had higher odds of having caries and good oral hygiene respectively. CONCLUSION: Digit sucking was not a significant predictor of general anxiety and dental anxiety. General and dental anxiety however, had effects on the likelihood of having caries and good oral hygiene.